Count in Different System

Tex: The yarn number or count in the tex system is the weight in grams of 1000m or 1km of yarn.

The system is therefore a direct system simply define and simple to use. For fibers, the fineness is expressed in “Militex”.

Militex: Count in the militex system is the weight in mg of 1000m or 1km of yarn.

Kilotex: Count in the kilotex system is the weight in kg of 1000m or 1km of yarn.

Denier: The no. of count in denier system is the weight in grams of 9000m or 9km of yarn.

Pound per spindle (Jute system): The yarn number or count in the pound per spindle is the weight in pounds of 14400 yards of yarn.

Indirect system:

English system (Ne): The yarn number or count in English system is defined as the number of hanks 840yds per pound. It is denoted by Ne.

Metric system: The yarn number or count in metric system is defined as the number of hanks (1000m) per kg. It is denoted by Nm.

Worsted system: The yarn number or count in worsted system is defined as the number of hanks (560yds) per pounds. It is denoted by Nw.

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How to Dye Cotton Yarn

There is a long story of Yarn Dyeing. Recent days to a craft project, hand dyed yarn can add a personal touch. To dye different types of yarn you can use many more natural materials including powdered drinks and flowers. There is 11 steps to dye cotton yarn which I described below.

1. Buy the yarn: At first buy the yarn in a hank, not a ball. A hank had long twist and braid. You must have to ensure that the yarn should be dyeable cotton. To ensure this just check the label.
2. Prepare the detergent to clean the yarn:
1. Fill a bath with clean water. There should be enough water to submerge the yarn, ever yarn absorbed water by yarn.
2. Put detergent into the water. To remove excess dyes from textile is the main purpose of using detergent. Also detergent keeps the color from bleeding.
3. Soak the yarn in the detergent solution: Soaking the yarn will ensure that it is clean, and that all colors or substances that hinder the dyeing process are washed away.
1. Place the hank of yarn into the bucket of water and soap. Use rubber gloves when handling the yarn. Rubber gloves will keep your hands from being stained with dye or chemicals.
2. Allow the yarn to soak until it is completely wet, for approximately 1 hour.
4. Remove the yarn from the bath:
1. From bath take the yarn out of water and soap.
2. To remove moisture wring out the hank of yarn.
3. Empty and rinse the bath.
5. Prepare the soda ash: Place water and soda ash in the bath. Then mix them. After that just ensure soda ash dissolved.
6. Soak the yarn in the soda ash solution: To cling the yarn fibers which helped by soda ash. Buy soda ash at a yarn supply or crafts store.
1. Place the hank of yarn in the bath. Allow the yarn to soak for five minutes.
2. Remove the yarn.
3. Twist the yarn with slight pressure to remove moisture.
4. Lay the yarn on a flat sheet of plastic. Ensure that the yarn is spread evenly in a long line.
7. Mix the dye.
8. Combine 1 qt: Combine hot water with urea in a large container. Ensure that the urea dissolves in the water. Urea is a chemical that keeps the yarn wet, ensuring that the dye sticks to the yarn. Urea is available at yarn supply or crafts stores.
1. Place 1tsp of cold reactive dye into a cup. Cold reactive dye is a dye specially formulated for use with textiles.
2. Pour just enough water into the cup to make a paste. Mix the dye well.
3. Add 1 cup of the urea water to the paste.
4. Use the same procedure for any additional colors you with to use. Mix each color in a separate cup.
9. Dye the yarn:
1. Use a foam brush to apply the dye to the yarn. Apply the dye with short sweeping motions. Begin at one end of the yarn and move towards the opposite end. Use a separate foam brush for each color of dye.
2. Flip the yarn over onto its undyed side when you have reached the end of the line of yarn.
3. Repeat the application of the dye, moving from one end of the yarn to the other.
4. Look inside the center portion of the yarn to ensure that all of the yarn has been dyed.
5. Apply dye to any sports that you missed.
10. Cover the yarn: Place a plastic sheet over the yarn. Allow the yarn to remain covered for 24 hours.
11. Remove the excess dye:
1. Combine 1 tsp textile detergent in a bath with enough water to submerge the hank of yarn.
2. Remove the plastic sheet from the yarn.
3. Hold the yarn over a sink.
4. Pour the soapy water over the yarn. Continue to rinse the yarn until the water is clear. Ensure that the yarn remains as free of tangles as possible.
5. Twist the yarn gently to remove moisture.
6. Allow the yarn to dry.

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Enzymatic Desizing

Enzymes are specific bio-catalysts of organic origin which are produced by living organisms in living cells and accelerate chemical reactive. The molecular weight height but different from chemical enzymes. The action of enzymes controlled by the temperature, time and pH of the solution. Most enzymes have no action at temperature above 75ºC.

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Difference between Carding and doffing action

The difference between carding and doffing action is given below,

Carding Action	Doffing Action
1. Two surfaces wire point are inclined in opposite direction and their speed direction is also opposite.	1. Two surface wire points are inclined in opposite direction but their speed direction is same.
2. It is occurred between flat and cylinder.	2. It is occurred between cylinder and doffer.
3. The speed difference between two surfaces is more.	3. The speed difference between two surfaces is less.
4. Maximum amount of fibers stay in lower speedy surface.	4. Some amount of fibers stay in lower speedy surface.
5. Fibers are mainly individualized by this section.	5. Sliver formation is performed by this section.

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Garments Dyeing with Reactive Dyes (Hot Brand)

Recipe:

Wetting agent = 0.5-1 g/L

Sequestering agent = 0.-1 g/L

Anti-foaming agent = 0.5-1 g/L

Dyes = X%

Glauber salt = Y g/L

Alkali = Z g/L

Time = 30-60 minute

Temperature = 90-100ºC

pH = 10.5-11

	Shade (X) %
	Up to 1%	(1-3)%	>3%
Salt (Y)	20-40 g/L	40-60 g/L	60-80 g/L
Alkali (Z)	5-10 g/L	10-15 g/L	15-20 g/L

 Process Curve: 

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Desizing

The aim of desizing is the elimination of the size material from the fabric. Fabric which has not been desized is very stiff, causing difficulty in its treatment with different solutions in subsequent processes.

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Difference between scouring and souring:

The difference between scouring and souring is given below,

Scouring	Souring
1. To remove oil, wax, impurities etc.	1. Not to remove any impurities but for neutralization.
2. Scouring is done in alkaline solution.	2. Souring is done dilute HCl or H2SO4.
3. Required heat to boiling.	3. No need to heat.
4. Need to definite time.	4. No need to definite time.

 

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Detergent

Basic detergents are surface active compound. The compounds which get orient at the interface and reduce interfacial tension or surface tension are called surface active compound or detergent.

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Draw Frame

To blend, doubled and leveled the slivers are known as draw frame. Draw frame is also known as drawing. The process by which the yarn or fiber is elongated by passing it through a series of pair of rollers, each pair moving faster than the previous one is called drawing or draw frame.

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Garments Dyeing Flowchart

Flowchart for Woven Garments:

Garments from grey fabric

↓

Desizing

↓

Scouring

↓

Bleaching

↓

Dyeing

↓← Rinsing

↓

After treatment

↓

Washing and rinsing

↓

Hydro-extraction

↓

Drying

Woven garments made of pre-treated fabric:

Garments

↓

Pre-Wash

↓

Dyeing

↓

After treatment

↓

Washing and rinsing

↓

Hydro-extraction

↓

Drying

Flowchart for Knit Garments:

Knit wear

↓

Washing/Desizing

↓

Scouring and bleaching

↓

Dyeing

↓

After treatment

↓

Washing and rinsing

↓

Hydro-extraction

↓

Drying

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Thread Consumption of Basic Denim Pant

In textile industry there are different types of sewing machines. Each machine never needs fixed amount thread to stitch. Different types of stitch need different amount of thread. Explain below,

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Dyeing

To add color by a process to textile products such as fibers, yarns or fabrics is called Dyeing. Normally dyeing is done on a special solution containing dyes and particular chemical material. Dye liquor is defined as, the process of coloring textile materials with dyes in an aqueous solution. Dyeing is done by the interaction between fiber, water and chemicals material.

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Reactive Dye

By three basic units, all reactive dyes are made up. These three basic units are chromophore, a bridge and reactive group/groups. To dye cellulosic fibers these dyes are used. Here formed a covalent bond with hydroxyl group of the fiber by chemically reacting with fiber when these applied to a cellulosic fiber in an alkaline dye bath.

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Faults & Damages of Bleaching

Faults of Bleaching: The faults of bleaching are given below,

1. Harsh Feeling: As stabilizer if we use sodium silicate then this silicate is precipitate on the fabric and that’s why fabric become harsh.
2. Chloramines Reaction: Chloramine reaction will occur in hypochlorite bleaching. So antichlor treatment is done. For that the permanency of whiteness is damaged and fabric becomes yellowish.
3. Uneven Bleaching:
1. For all types of machine faults.
2. Faults in bleaching agent.
3. In efficient dosing.
4. Inadequate raw materials.
4. Alkalinity may remain: To destroy alkalinity we used acetic acid. Dye hydrolysis and dye wastage causes of alkalinity and also reduced the fastness.
5. Residual peroxide causes uneven dyeing. Dye wastage and shade variation.
6. Iron stain.

Damages of Bleaching: A number of varieties of product easily oxidized by cellulose which is known as oxy-cellulose. Now a days scouring and bleaching is a combination process. Loss of strength is the causes of formation of oxy-cellulose. There are three point at which oxidizing agent can attack the glucose molecule.

Estimation of Damage:

1. Physically: By testing strength before and after bleaching.
2. Chemically: There are several methods. These are,
1. Fluidity test.
2. Copper number test.
3. Methylene blue test.

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Disperse Dye

Dyeing of cellulose acetate the disperse dye was originally developed. Disperse dye is water insoluble dye. Disperse dye can be used to dye polyester, acrylic fiber, nylon and triacetate. To dyeing with disperse dye there is needed 130ºC temperature and the dye bath must be pressurized.

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Basic Dye

Basic dye mainly applied in acrylic fibers. Basic dyes are water soluble cationic dyes. Basic dye also applied to some wool or silk. In certain nylon and protein fibers the basic dyes is also applied. Basic dyes are typically cationic or positively charged when it’s at the chemical level. Basic dyes are also known as cationic dyes.

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Acid Dye

To dye protein fibers such as wool, silk etc, the acid dye is used. And also to dye milk protein fiber which is called Silk Latte, Soy protein fiber called soy silk and also the synthetic polyamide fiber nylon.

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Vat Dye

Vat dye is mainly water insoluble dye.  In an alkali aqueous solution the vat dyes are normally applied to the fiber. Alkali aqueous solutions are subsequently oxidized in the fiber to the insoluble form.

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Dyes

Colored substance of dyeing which has an affinity to the substrate is known as Dyes. Generally dyes applied in aqueous solution. The main aim of dyes is to improve the fastness of fiber and fabrics. Dyes are also applied in Textiles, Leather, Plastics, and Paper in liquid form.

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Degree of Orientation

Between the mean angles of chain molecules the Degree of Orientation is defined. The size and the fiber axis which indicates the difference between fine and course structure.

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