Effluent Treatment Plant

To save environment, Effluent Treatment Plant used in Textile Industry. Different Section of Textile Manufacturing unit passes huge pollutants water which is very harmful for the nature and environments and these pollutants are also harmful for human health. For Textile Industry the Effluent Transfer Plant is also essential part. There are some processing procedures to purify the water from the begging.

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Ballon Theory

The rotation applied to departing yarn drawing at high speed of the yarn unwinding from a stationary spinning cop, the yarn is thrown by centrifugal force away from the cop axis and circumscribes in space of plane is called ballon. It is characterized by the height ‘h’ as shown in figure.

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Final Quoted costing of T- Shirt

Suppose:

1.     Body fabric consumption                 =4.05Kg/doz

     Total yarn consumption                    =4.05 +9% OWF

                                                                 =4.41Kg/ dz

2.     The current yarn price                       = $ 4.1 /kg

3.     PK knitting cost                                = $ 0.20/kg

4.     Average color dying only cost           =$1.21/Kg

5.     Flat knitting cost                               = $0.05/body

6.     Color & cuff consumption                =60g/body

     Color & cuff yarn charge                  =0.06×12+9%

                                                                  =0.78/kgdz

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Types of Finishes

Finishes are two types, these are:

1. Mechanical/ dry finishes.
2. Chemical/ wet finishes.

Mechanical/ dry finishes: It involves physical treatment to a fabric surface to cause a change in fabric appearance. Mechanical finishing involving the applications physical principles such as friction, temperature, pressure and many more.

Chemical/ wet finishes: It involves the application of synthesis or natural chemical products, which binds the fibers more or less permanently. It is usually applied to the fabric by padding followed by drying and curing.

Finished fabric performances are four types. These are,

1. Permanent.
2. Durable.
3. Semi-durable.
4. Temporary.

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Thread Consumption of Basic Denim Pant

In textile industry there are different types of sewing machines. Each machine never needs fixed amount thread to stitch. Different types of stitch need different amount of thread. Explain below,

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Thread Consumption of Basic Woven Shirt

In textile industry there are different types of sewing machines. Each machine never needs fixed amount thread to stitch. Different types of stitch need different amount of thread. Explain below,

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Fabric Package

Types of Fabric Package:

1. Open fabric roll:

         i. Most of the time fabric is supplied by wrapping over a tube which is about of 7 to 8cm dia.

        ii. The widths of the fabric roll vary from 75cm to 3m.

2. Tubular knitted fabric roll:

       i. Most of the knitted fabric is found in tubular form and they are supplied in roll from.

      ii. Tube roll usually have the same width as the garments width such as T-Shirt, Polo Shirt

3. Folded fabric roll:

     i. In this type of package fabric is wrapped over 1-2cm thick and hard board.

     ii. This type of fabric package is generally used by retail seller.

4. Folded fabric cuttled:

     i. Check fabric & knitted fabric are found in this type of package.

    ii. This type of package is used to avoid distortion of these fabrics.

5. Hanging fabric package:

     i. Velvet or expensive types of fabrics are found in this package.

    ii. Only manual spreading is possible for this type of package.

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Timing of Shedding

The shedding mechanism is set according to the picking & beat-up mechanisms. Timing of shedding is set with respect to crank position. In general there are three timings. These are:

1. Normal shedding
2. Early shedding
3. Late shedding

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Types of Sizing

Sizing is four types. These are,

1. Pure sizing.

2. Light sizing.

3. Medium sizing.

4. Heavy sizing.

Pure sizing: To produce unbleached fabric when sizing is done on yarn is called pure sizing. On the weight of yarn 7-10% the size ingredients are used.

Light sizing: In case of printing and dyeing the sized are used is called light sizing. About 11-15% sizing ingredients are used on the weight of yarn.

Medium sizing: To increase the weight of yarn and strength. About 16-40% sizing ingredients are used on the weight of yarn.

Heavy sizing: Heavy sizing is known as when sizing is done on lower count and twisted yarn. Above 40% sizing ingredients are used on the weight of yarn.

Size takes up%: On the yarn surface the amount of the size material added is called size takes up percentage.

Size takes up% = (Weight of size yarn-weight of unsized yarn)/ Weight of unsized yarn *100%.

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Textile Physics

In Textile Technology, physics plays a large part. The study of the structure & physical properties of fibers, yarns & fabrics forms the unified subject that is legitimately called textile physics. It is an essential part of education of any textile technologist.

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Types of Winding

The types of winding are given below.

According to density the winding are two types. These are,

1. Precision winding.

2. Non precision winding.

According to type of package the winding are five types. These are,

1. Cone winding package.

2. Pirn winding package.

3. Flange winding package.

4. Cheese winding package.

5. Cop winding package.

According to the build of the package the winding are three types. These are,

1. Parallel winding package.

2. Near parallel winding package.

3. Cross parallel winding package.

According to methods of drive the winding are two types. These are,

1. Positive or direct drive.

2. Negative or direct drive

According to the future of automation the winding are two types. These are,

1. Conventional winding.

2. Modern winding.

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Tensioning Device

Thick spots or slubs are detected by tensioning device. Yarns break are also a cause of tensioning device. It’s a device mainly worked as a detector.

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Negative Tappet Shedding

Construction: Figure shows a negative tappet shedding mechanism. A pair of tappets A & B is fixed to the bottom shaft C at 180^º to each other. Two treadle levers D & E are connected to the loom back-rail by a bracket F. The bracket acts as a fulcrum for the levers. The two treadles have teeth to carry the lamb rods G & H respectively. Two heald shafts J & K are connected to the lamb rods.

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Tappet

A type of cam to which a rotary motion is given for the purpose of producing reciprocating motion in rods & levers by sliding contact when the rod is received a series of lifts, when intervals of rest & thus form a shed is called tappet.

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Timing of Shedding

The shedding mechanism is set according to the picking & beat-up mechanisms. Timing of shedding is set with respect to crank position. In general there are three timings. These are:

1. Normal shedding
2. Early shedding
3. Late shedding

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Tracer Fiber Technique

Tracer Fiber Technique was invented by Morton and Yen. Here a small proportion of colored fiber (less than 1%) add to the stock from which the yarn is spun. It is essential that the properties of the colored fibers should by identical or almost identical with those of the main stock of uncolored fibers then the colored and uncolored fibers are twisted together to form yarn. This yarn is immersed in a liquid of the same refractive index as the fibers. As a result, the uncolored fibers in yarn become almost transparent, where as the colored can be easily seen. Now the fiber in the yarn is observed in a micro projection and thus migration is measured.

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Twist Contraction and Retraction

The yarn contains fibers which remain in extended state individually. By twisting, the yarn along with fibers is contracted and its mass per unit length increases. Again by de-twisting, the filament of yarn gets extended. For staple fiber yarn, this phenomenon is called contraction and for filament yarn, this is called twist retraction.

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Difference between Leather and Textile Fiber

The difference between leather and textile fiber are given below:

Leather	Textile Fiber
1. Not easily identify as separate entities with clearly defined limit.	1. Textile fiber is clearly individual units.
2. It is a whole aggregate which is fibrous in form.	2. It is not a whole aggregate.
3. Leather is costly.	3. Fiber is cheap.
4. It can be made only from natural origin.	4. Natural and man-made.
5. It is one kind of fibrous sheet.	5. It is not fibrous sheet.
6. Extensibility is low.	6. Extensibility is high.

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Objectives of Textile Finishing

The Objectives of Textile Finishing are given below:

1. To improve the attractiveness and service ability of the textile materials.
2. To accentuate/inhibit some natural characteristics on the textile materials such as softening, de-lusturing, brightening etc.
3. To change the surface characteristics of textile materials.
4. To impart new characteristics/properties of textile materials such as flame retardant, water repellent or water proof finishes.
5. To increase life and durability of textile materials.
6. To set the fabric, so that it can be maintained its shape and structure.
7. To set the chemicals into the textile materials.
8. To meet up specific end uses.

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Thickener

Thickeners are adhesive substances used in making viscose printing pastes in water. Thickener is used to impart stickiness and plasticity to the printing paste so that it can be applied on the fabric surface without spreading and bleeding and can be capable of maintaining the designs under high pressure.

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